Compositions and methods for treatment of fragile X syndrome

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are methods of alleviating or preventing one or more symptoms associated with fragile X syndrome in an individual in need thereof via administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3 partial agonist. The one or more symptoms may include impaired functional communication, anxiety, inattention, hyperactivity, sensory reactivity, autonomic nervous system dysregulation, aberrant eye gaze, self-injury, aggression, seizures, EEG abnormalities, including but not limited to, abnormal spectral analysis, event related potentials which may include auditory and visual responses, abnormalities in cortical responses as evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation including resting and active motor thresholds and abnormal responses in measures of cortical inhibition and excitation, aberrant impaired cognitive function, compromised daily living skills, or a combination thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No.15/818,850 filed Nov. 21, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/994,705 filed Jan. 13, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No.9,844,551, issued on Dec. 19, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S.Application Ser. No. 62/103,126, filed Jan. 14, 2015, all of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form ofdevelopmental disability (DD), affecting 1 in 4,000 persons and isresponsible for up to 2-6% of all cases of DD. FXS is also a commonsingle gene cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

BRIEF SUMMARY

Disclosed are methods of alleviating or preventing one or more symptomsassociated with fragile X syndrome in an individual in need thereof viaadministration of a therapeutically effective amount of a GABA(A) alpha2 and/or 3 partial agonist. The one or more symptoms may includeimpaired social and functional communication, anxiety, inattention,hyperactivity, altered sensory reactivity, self-injury, aggression,impaired cognitive function, compromised daily living skills, or acombination thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows that approximately 60% Fmr1 KO mice treated with VEHdisplayed wild running followed by seizure in response to a loudstimulus (120 dB siren), but when treated acutely (30 min prior totesting) with both the low (11%) and high (0%) dose of4-amino-8-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-phenyl)-N-propyl-cinnoline-3-carboxamide(“AZD7325”), seizure activity was significantly reduced, indicating thatthe drug is reducing hyperexcitability in the brain (Fisher's exact testp<0.0002).

FIG. 2 shows that the conditioned fear responses to a mild foot shockwere shown to be exaggerated in Fragile X Syndrome KO mice compared toWT mice during the cued portion of the test with4-amino-8-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-phenyl)-N-propyl-cinnoline-3-carboxamide(“AZD7325”) treatment at both dose levels normalizing this behavior inKO mice.

FIG. 3 shows the results of treatment with low dose AZD7325 improvesmemory in Fragile X Syndrome KO mice. Such treatment attenuates deficitsin object memory when assessed in a novel object recognition paradigmindicated by an increase in discrimination index ratio (DI) in the lowdose KO mice (FIG. 3; main effect of genotype for discrimination index(F(1,86)=4.99, P<0.03)).

FIG. 4 shows that the response to acoustic stimuli in KO mice iscorrected and response to intensity is appropriately gated with AZD7325treatment. In adulthood, Fmr1 KO mice have abnormal motor responses tosensory stimuli compared to WT mice in an acoustic startle paradigm.When presented with a short low level white noise burst (82 db) over 10trial blocks, Fmr1 KO mice will flinch at a higher amplitude than WTmice (presentation of these startle bursts do not elicit seizureactivity). FIG. 4; top main effect of genotype (P<0.001) and drug(P<0.0001) for Vmax) shows that Fmr1 KO mice treated chronically withthe low dose of AZD7325 have significantly reduced whole body flinchingin this low-level Acoustic startle paradigm. Interestingly, in aparadigm employing a high level acoustic stimulus (120 dB), adult Fmr1KO mice will repeatedly respond to the stimulus with a lower amplitudewhole body flinch compared to WT mice. FIG. 4; bottom (Gene×Druginteraction P<0.0001) shows that treatment with AZD7325 improves thisresponse to WT levels demonstrating that drug treatment isn't simplyreducing overall whole body flinching in response to sensory stimuli,but is rather mediating responses so that they are becoming moreappropriate and reflective of startle intensity. *P indicatessignificantly different from WT+VEH; # P indicates significantlydifferent from KO+VEH.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,”“and,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a method” includesa plurality of such methods and reference to “a dose” includes referenceto one or more doses and equivalents thereof known to those skilled inthe art, and so forth.

The term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable errorrange for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill inthe art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured ordetermined, e.g., the limitations of the measurement system. Forexample, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviations,per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range ofup to 20%, or up to 10%, or up to 5%, or up to 1% of a given value.Alternatively, particularly with respect to biological systems orprocesses, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferablywithin 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold, of a value. Whereparticular values are described in the application and claims, unlessotherwise stated the term “about” meaning within an acceptable errorrange for the particular value should be assumed.

“Dosage unit form” as used herein refers to physically discrete unitssuited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated, each unitcontaining a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated toproduce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the requiredpharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms ofthe preferred embodiments are dictated by and directly dependent on theunique characteristics of the active compound and the particulartherapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in theart of compounding such an active compound for the treatment ofindividuals.

The terms “individual,” “host,” “subject,” and “patient” are usedinterchangeably to refer to an animal that is the object of treatment,observation and/or experiment. “Animal” includes vertebrates andinvertebrates, such as fish, shellfish, reptiles, birds, and, inparticular, mammals. “Mammal” includes, without limitation, mice, rats,rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, cows, horses, primates,such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and apes, and, in particular, humans.

As used herein the language “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” isintended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings,antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delayingagents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration.Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include a wide range of knowndiluents (i.e., solvents), fillers, extending agents, binders,suspending agents, disintegrates, surfactants, lubricants, excipients,wetting agents and the like commonly used in this field. These carriersmay be used singly or in combination according to the form of thepharmaceutical preparation, and may further encompass “pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients” as defined herein.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means any othercomponent added to a pharmaceutical formulation other than the activeingredient and which is capable of bulking-up formulations that containpotent active ingredients (thus often referred to as “bulking agents,”“fillers,” or “diluents”) to allow convenient and accurate dispensationof a drug substance when producing a dosage form. Excipients may beadded to facilitate manufacture, enhance stability, control release,enhance product characteristics, enhance bioavailability drug absorptionor solubility, or other pharmacokinetic considerations, enhance patientacceptability, etc. Pharmaceutical excipients include, for example,carriers, fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, colors,preservatives, suspending agents, dispersing agents, film formers,buffer agents, pH adjusters, preservatives etc. The selection ofappropriate excipients also depends upon the route of administration andthe dosage form, as well as the active ingredient and other factors, andwill be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” means thetotal amount of each active component of the pharmaceutical compositionor method that is sufficient to show a meaningful patient benefit, e.g.,healing of chronic conditions or in an increase in rate of healing ofsuch conditions, or in a reduction in aberrant conditions. This includesboth therapeutic and prophylactic treatments. Accordingly, the compoundscan be used at very early stages of a disease, or before early onset, orafter significant progression. When applied to an individual activeingredient, administered alone, the term refers to that ingredientalone. When applied to a combination, the term refers to combinedamounts of the active ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect,whether administered in combination, serially or simultaneously.

FXS results from an expanded CGG triplet repeat expansion resulting inmethylation and transcriptional silencing of the Fragile X MentalRetardation 1 gene and transcriptional silencing of the Fragile X MentalRetardation Protein (FMRP). FMRP is known to be an RNA binding proteinresponsible for translational control of hundreds of genes involved invarious functions including, but not limited to, intracellular andsynaptic signalling. Of the many genes known to be regulated by FMRP,the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor A (GABA(A)) is gaining attention asa potential pharmacotherapy target for the treatment of FXS. Mountingevidence suggests decreased expression and functioning of GABA(A) isintimately involved in the pathophysiology of FXS. Non-selective GABA(A)agonism in animal models of FXS has been associated with thenormalization of morphological features, GABA(A) expression, and somebehavior. One down side of the nonselective nature of these agents isthe increased likelihood of unwanted side-effects, such as sedation anddulling of cognition, which could impeded the long-term use ofnon-selective GABA(A) agonist pharmacotherapy in FXS. Benzodiazepinesact as potent non-selective agonists across GABA(A) receptor subunitsalpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3, and alpha 5. Therefore, use ofbenzodiazepines is often limited in FXS given concerns over drugtolerability rooted in the sedating and potentially cognitively dullingfeatures of this drug class. The sedating and amnesic effects ofbenzodiazepines are due to effects at alpha1 and alpha 5 subunitcontaining receptors, respectively.

Recent pre-clinical findings in Fragile X Syndrome knockout animalmodels have led to targeted treatment development efforts in this field.To date, drug development focused on metabotropic glutamate receptortype 5 (mGluR5) antagonists and a gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor B(GABA(B)) agonist have not been marked by a robust, universal drugeffect. In both mGluR5 and GABA(B) human trials to date, only subsets ofpersons with FXS have potentially shown response with treatment butlarger studies have failed to demonstrate efficacy over placebo. Giventhese finding, there is a clear need to explore unique mechanisms oftreatment in this field. Increasing evidence has pointed todysregulation of GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)) neurotransmission in thepathophysiology of FXS. Among potential targets of drug therapy in FXS,modulation of GABA(A) activity, in particular selective agonism, remainslargely unexplored in humans with FXS. Preclinical data implicatingGABA(A) dysregulation in FXS includes evidence that Fragile X MentalRetardation Protein (FMRP) transcriptionally regulates GABA(A) receptorsubunit RNA expression with reductions in GABA(A) receptor mRNA noted inFXS KO mice lacking FMRP, Additionally, GABA(A) receptor expression hasbeen shown to be significantly down regulated in a number of brainregions in FXS KO mice that are important for behavior including thehippocampus and amygdala. In animal models of FXS, non-selective orextrasynaptic GABA(A) agonism has shown significant promise as apharmacotherapy target. Regarding preclinical treatment, study of theGABA(A) agonist in FXS, alphaxalone, a neuroactive steroid with multiplepotential pharmacodynamics effect including modulation of nicotinicacetylcholine receptors, activation of chloride channels, andnon-selective GABA(A) agonism, was associated with reductions in anxietyand rescue of audiogenic seizures in FXS KO mice. Also in FXS KO mice,the GABA(A) extrasynaptic δ-subunit agonist gaboxadol restored neuronexcitability deficits in the amygdala, reduced hyperactivity, andreduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) alterations. No studies published todate have assessed GABA(A) modulation via a specific alpha 2,3 partialagonist.

Given the limitations in available FDA approved GABA(A) focusedtreatments of FXS, Applicant has investigated a novel selective GABA(A)agonist in a mouse model of FXS. In one aspect, the novel agonist is aspecific GABA(A) alpha2,3, partial agonist. In a further aspect, thecompound is4-amino-8-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-phenyl)-N-propyl-cinnoline-3-carboxamide(“AZD7325”). Applicant has shown that, using the disclosed partialagonist, several key behavioral deficits in the Fmr1 KO mouse model arenormalized or attenuated.

In one aspect, a method of alleviating or preventing one or more signsor symptoms of fragile X is disclosed. The method may comprise the stepof administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3 partial agonist.

In one aspect, the GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3 agonist or partial agonistmay act at the GABA(A) receptor site, and may have a lower bindingaffinity to and/or less efficacy of receptor activation at the GABA(A)alpha 1 subunit as compared to the binding affinity and/or receptorefficacy at the alpha 2 and/or alpha 3 subunit.

In one aspect, the GABA(A) alpha 2,3 agonist may be selected from

(TPA-023) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

(MK-0343) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

(4-amino-8-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-phenyl)-N-propyl-cinnoline-3-carboxamide)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

3-(2,5-Difluorophenyl)-7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-[(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methoxy]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazineor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

or combinations thereof.

In a further aspect, the compound may be a compound having alpha 2and/or 3, partial agonist activity as described in WO1999037303 and/orU.S. Pat. No. 6,399,608 entitled “Combination of a GABA-A Alpha 2/3agonist and a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor” published Jul. 29,1999).

In one aspect, the one or more signs and symptoms may be selected fromimpaired functional communication, anxiety, inattention, hyperactivity,sensory reactivity, autonomic nervous system dysregulation, aberrant eyegaze, self injury, aggression, seizures, EEG abnormalities including butnot limited to abnormal spectral analysis, event related potentialswhich may include auditory and visual responses, abnormalities incortical responses as evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulationincluding resting and active motor thresholds and abnormal responses inmeasures of cortical inhibition and excitation, aberrant impairedcognitive function, compromised daily living skills, or a combinationthereof.

In one aspect, the GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3 partial agonist may beco-administered with co-administered with an agent selected from anatypical antipsychotics, lithium, a selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitor (SSRI), a serotonin noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor (SNRI),non-SSRI non-SNRI serotonergic drug, a benzodiazepine, a glutamatergicdrug, a GABA(B) modulator, opiate receptor modulators, endocannabinoidsystem modulators, a medication for the treatment of attention deficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anti-epileptics, alpha 2-agonists, or acombination thereof.

In one aspect, the GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3 partial agonist may beco-administered with an agent selected from oxytocin, lithium,minocycline, or a combination thereof.

In one aspect, the GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3 partial agonist may beco-administered with structured non-drug therapies includingoccupational therapy, speech therapy, language learning interventions,social skills training, cognitive behavioral therapy, discrete trialtraining, biofeedback, computerized cognitive training, or a combinationthereof.

In one aspect, the GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3 partial agonist may beadministered in a dose of from about 2 g bid to about 15 g bid, or about5 g bid to about 10 g bid.

In one aspect, the administration step may be carried out until ERKphosphorylation is normalized. The ERK phosphorylation normalization maybe determined via measurement in the blood of a subject receiving saidGABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3 partial agonist.

Compositions

Compounds, or mixtures of compounds described herein, can be formulatedinto pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier and other excipients as apparent to the skilled worker. Suchcomposition can additionally contain effective amounts of othercompounds, especially for the treatment of conditions, diseases, and/ordisorders described herein.

Some embodiments comprise the administration of a pharmaceuticallyeffective quantity of active agent or its pharmaceutically acceptablesalts or esters, active agent analogs or their pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts or esters, or a combination thereof.

The compositions and preparations may contain at least 0.1% of activeagent. The percentage of the compositions and preparations can, ofcourse, be varied, and can contain between about 2% and 60% of theweight of the amount administered. The percentage of the compositionsand preparations may contain between about 2, 5, 10, or 15% and 30, 35,40, 45, 50, 55, or 60% of the weight of the amount administered. Theamount of active compounds in such pharmaceutically useful compositionsand preparations is such that a suitable dosage will be obtained.

The disclosed active agents may form salts. Reference to a compound ofthe active agent herein is understood to include reference to saltsthereof, unless otherwise indicated. The term “salt(s)”, as employedherein, denotes acidic and/or basic salts formed with inorganic and/ororganic acids and bases. In addition, when an active agent contains botha basic moiety, such as, but not limited to an amine or a pyridine orimidazole ring, and an acidic moiety, such as, but not limited to acarboxylic acid, zwitterions (“inner salts”) can be formed and areincluded within the term “salt(s)” as used herein. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable (e.g., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts arepreferred, although other salts are also useful, e.g., in isolation orpurification steps, which can be employed during preparation. Salts ofthe compounds of the active agent can be formed, for example, byreacting a compound of the active agent with an amount of acid or base,such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the saltprecipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to,pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, pharmaceuticallyacceptable base addition salts, pharmaceutically acceptable metal salts,ammonium and alkylated ammonium salts. Acid addition salts include saltsof inorganic acids as well as organic acids. Representative examples ofsuitable inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic,phosphoric, sulfuric, nitric acids and the like. Representative examplesof suitable organic acids include formic, acetic, trichloroacetic,trifluoroacetic, propionic, benzoic, cinnamic, citric, fumaric,glycolic, lactic, maleic, malic, malonic, mandelic, oxalic, picric,pyruvic, salicylic, succinic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, tartaric,ascorbic, pamoic, bismethylene salicylic, ethanedisulfonic, gluconic,citraconic, aspartic, stearic, palmitic, EDTA, glycolic, p-aminobenzoic,glutamic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic acids, sulphates, nitrates,phosphates, perchlorates, borates, acetates, benzoates,hydroxynaphthoates, glycerophosphates, ketoglutarates and the like.Examples of metal salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesiumsalts and the like. Examples of ammonium and alkylated ammonium saltsinclude ammonium, methylammonium, dimethylammonium, trimethylammonium,ethylammonium, hydroxyethylammonium, diethylammonium, butylammonium,tetramethylammonium salts and the like. Examples of organic basesinclude lysine, arginine, guanidine, diethanolamine, choline and thelike.

The compounds can be formulated in various forms, including solid andliquid forms, such as tablets, gel, syrup, powder, aerosol, etc.

The compositions may contain physiologically acceptable diluents,fillers, lubricants, excipients, solvents, binders, stabilizers, and thelike. Diluents that can be used in the compositions include but are notlimited to dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulphate, lactose, cellulose,kaolin, mannitol, sodium chloride, dry starch, powdered sugar and forprolonged release tablet-hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). Thebinders that can be used in the compositions include but are not limitedto starch, gelatin and fillers such as sucrose, glucose, dextrose andlactose.

Natural and synthetic gums that can be used in the compositions includebut are not limited to sodium alginate, ghatti gum, carboxymethylcellulose, methyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and veegum.Excipients that can be used in the compositions include but are notlimited to microcrystalline cellulose, calcium sulfate, dicalciumphosphate, starch, magnesium stearate, lactose, and sucrose. Stabilizersthat can be used include but are not limited to polysaccharides such asacacia, agar, alginic acid, guar gum and tragacanth, amphotsics such asgelatin and synthetic and semi-synthetic polymers such as carbomerresins, cellulose ethers and carboxymethyl chitin.

Solvents that can be used include but are not limited to Ringerssolution, water, distilled water, dimethyl sulfoxide to 50% in water,propylene glycol (neat or in water), phosphate buffered saline, balancedsalt solution, glycol and other conventional fluids.

The dosages and dosage regimen in which the compounds are administeredwill vary according to the dosage form, mode of administration, thecondition being treated and particulars of the patient being treated.Accordingly, optimal therapeutic concentrations will be best determinedat the time and place through routine experimentation.

The compounds may also be used enterally. Orally, the compounds may beadministered at the rate of 100 μg to 100 mg per day per kg of bodyweight. Orally, the compounds may be suitably administered at the rateof about 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 μg to about 1,5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg per day per kg of body weight. The requireddose can be administered in one or more portions. For oraladministration, suitable forms are, for example, tablets, gel, aerosols,pills, dragees, syrups, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, powders andgranules; one method of administration includes using a suitable formcontaining from 1 mg to about 500 mg of active substance. In one aspect,administration may comprise using a suitable form containing from about1, 2, 5, 10, 25, or 50 mg to about 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mg of activesubstance.

The compounds may also be administered parenterally in the form ofsolutions or suspensions for intravenous or intramuscular perfusions orinjections. In that case, the compounds may be administered at the rateof about 10 μg to 10 mg per day per kg of body weight; one method ofadministration may consist of using solutions or suspensions containingapproximately from 0.01 mg to 1 mg of active substance per ml. Thecompounds may be administered at the rate of about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 μg to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mg per dayper kg of body weight; in one aspect, solutions or suspensionscontaining approximately from 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, or 0.5 mg to 0.1,0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 mg of active substance perml may be used.

The active compounds and/or pharmaceutical compositions of theembodiments disclosed herein can be administered according to variousroutes, such as by injection, for example local or systemicinjection(s). Intratumoral injections may be used. Other administrationroutes can be used as well, such as intramuscular, intravenous,intradermic, subcutaneous, etc. Furthermore, repeated injections can beperformed, if needed, although it is believed that limited injectionswill be needed in view of the efficacy of the compounds.

For ex vivo administration, the active agent can be administered by anystandard method that would maintain viability of the cells, such as byadding it to culture medium (appropriate for the target cells) andadding this medium directly to the cells. As is known in the art, anymedium used in this method can be aqueous and non-toxic so as not torender the cells non-viable. In addition, it can contain standardnutrients for maintaining viability of cells, if desired. For in vivoadministration, the complex can be added to, for example, to apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., saline and buffered saline,and administered by any of several means known in the art. Examples ofadministration include parenteral administration, e.g., by intravenousinjection including regional perfusion through a blood vessel supplyingthe tissues(s) or organ(s) having the target cell(s), or by inhalationof an aerosol, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, topicaladministration such as to skin wounds and lesions, direct transfectioninto, e.g., bone marrow cells prepared for transplantation andsubsequent transplantation into the subject, and direct transfectioninto an organ that is subsequently transplanted into the subject.Further administration methods include oral administration, particularlywhen the active agent is encapsulated, or rectal administration,particularly when the active agent is in suppository form.

It is contemplated that such target cells can be located within asubject or human patient, in which case a safe and effective amount ofthe active agent, in pharmacologically acceptable form, would beadministered to the patient. Generally speaking, it is contemplated thatuseful pharmaceutical compositions may include the selected activecompound derivative in a convenient amount, e.g., from about 0.001% toabout 10% (w/w) that is diluted in a pharmacologically orphysiologically acceptable carrier, such as, for example, phosphatebuffered saline. The route of administration and ultimate amount ofmaterial that is administered to the subject under such circumstanceswill depend upon the intended application and will be apparent to thoseof skill in the art in light of the examples which follow.

Any composition chosen should be of low or non-toxicity to the cell.Toxicity for any given compound can vary with the concentration ofcompound used. It is also beneficial if the compound chosen ismetabolized or eliminated by the body and if this metabolism orelimination is done in a manner that will not be harmfully toxic.

The compound may be administered such that a therapeutically effectiveconcentration of the compound is in contact with the affected cells ofthe body. The dose administered to a subject, particularly a human, maybe sufficient to effect a therapeutic response in the subject over areasonable period of time. The dose may be determined by the strength ofthe particular compound employed and the condition of the subject, aswell as the body weight of the subject to be treated. The existence,nature, and extent of any adverse side effects that might accompany theadministration of a particular compound also will determine the size ofthe dose and the particular route of administration employed with aparticular patient. In general, the compounds may be therapeuticallyeffective at low doses. The generally useful dose range may be fromabout 0.001 mM, or less, to about 100 mM, or more. The effective doserange may be from about 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, or 0.9 mM,to about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mM. Accordingly, the compoundsmay be generally administered in low doses.

The pharmaceutical composition may further comprise a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. The resulting preparation may incorporate, ifnecessary, one or more solubilizing agent, buffers, preservatives,colorants, perfumes, flavorings and the like that are widely used in thefield of pharmaceutical preparation.

The proportion of the active ingredient to be contained in the disclosedcompositions may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art usingart recognized methods.

The disclosed compounds may be formulated into a dosage form selectedfrom the group consisting of tablets, capsules, granules, pills,injections, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and syrups. The form andadministration route for the pharmaceutical composition are not limitedand can be suitably selected. For example, tablets, capsules, granules,pills, syrups, solutions, emulsions, and suspensions may be administeredorally. Additionally, injections (e.g. subcutaneous, intravenous,intramuscular, and intraperitoneal) may be administered intravenouslyeither singly or in combination with a conventional replenishercontaining glucose, amino acid and/or the like, or may be singlyadministered intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously and/orintraperitoneally.

The disclosed compositions may be prepared according to a method knownin the pharmaceutical field of this kind using a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. For example, oral forms such as tablets, capsules,granules, pills and the like are prepared according to known methodsusing excipients such as saccharose, lactose, glucose, starch, mannitoland the like; binders such as syrup, gum arabic, sorbitol, tragacanth,methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like; disintegrates suchas starch, carboxymethylcellulose or the calcium salt thereof,microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol and the like; lubricantssuch as talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, silica and the like;and wetting agents such as sodium laurate, glycerol and the like.

Injections, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and the like maybe prepared according to a known method suitably using solvents fordissolving the active ingredient, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropylalcohol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, polyethylene glycol,sesame oil and the like; surfactants such as sorbitan fatty acid ester,polyoxyethylenesorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene fatty acidester, polyoxyethylene of hydrogenated castor oil, lecithin and thelike; suspending agents such as cellulose derivatives includingcarboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylcellulose and the like, naturalgums including tragacanth, gum arabic and the like; and preservativessuch as parahydroxybenzoic acid esters, benzalkonium chloride, sorbicacid salts and the like.

The compounds can be administered orally, topically, parenterally, byinhalation or spray, vaginally, rectally, nasally, or sublingually. Thecompounds may be administered in dosage unit formulations. The term“administration by injection” includes but is not limited to:intravenous, intraarticular, intramuscular, subcutaneous and parenteralinjections, as well as use of infusion techniques. Dermal administrationcan include topical application or transdermal administration. One ormore compounds can be present in association with one or more non-toxicpharmaceutically acceptable carriers and if desired other activeingredients.

Compositions intended for oral use can be prepared according to anysuitable method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceuticalcompositions. Such compositions can contain one or more agents selectedfrom the group consisting of diluents, sweetening agents, flavoringagents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to providepalatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient inadmixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that aresuitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients can be, forexample, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate,lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating anddisintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; andbinding agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.The tablets can be uncoated or they can be coated by known techniques todelay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract andthereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, atime delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearatecan be employed. These compounds can also be prepared in solid, rapidlyreleased form.

Formulations for oral use can also be presented as hard gelatin capsuleswherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, forexample, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as softgelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or anoil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

Aqueous suspensions containing the active materials in admixture withexcipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions can alsobe used. Such excipients are suspending agents, for example sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose,sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia;dispersing or wetting agents can be a naturally-occurring phosphatide,for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxidewith fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensationproducts of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, forexample heptadecaethylene oxycetanol, or condensation products ofethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitolsuch as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products ofethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitolanhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueoussuspensions can also contain one or more preservatives, for exampleethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, oneor more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such assucrose or saccharin.

Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueoussuspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient inadmixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and oneor more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents andsuspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above.Additional excipients, for example, sweetening, flavoring and coloringagents, can also be present.

The compounds can also be in the form of non-aqueous liquidformulations, e.g., oily suspensions which can be formulated bysuspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for examplearachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or peanut oil, or in a mineral oilsuch as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions can contain a thickeningagent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweeteningagents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents can be addedto provide palatable oral preparations. These compositions can bepreserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.

Compounds may also be administrated transdermally using methods known tothose skilled in the art. For example, a solution or suspension of anactive agent in a suitable volatile solvent optionally containingpenetration enhancing agents can be combined with additional additivesknown to those skilled in the art, such as matrix materials andbacteriocides. After sterilization, the resulting mixture can beformulated following known procedures into dosage forms. In addition, ontreatment with emulsifying agents and water, a solution or suspension ofan active agent can be formulated into a lotion or salve.

Suitable solvents for processing transdermal delivery systems are knownto those skilled in the art, and include lower alcohols such as ethanolor isopropyl alcohol, lower ketones such as acetone, lower carboxylicacid esters such as ethyl acetate, polar ethers such as tetrahydrofuran,lower hydrocarbons such as hexane, cyclohexane or benzene, orhalogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, chloroform,trichlorotrifluoroethane, or trichlorofluoroethane. Suitable solventscan also include mixtures of one or more materials selected from loweralcohols, lower ketones, lower carboxylic acid esters, polar ethers,lower hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons.

Suitable penetration enhancing materials for transdermal delivery systemare known to those skilled in the art, and include, for example,monohydroxy or polyhydroxy alcohols such as ethanol, propylene glycol orbenzyl alcohol, saturated or unsaturated C8-C18 fatty alcohols such aslauryl alcohol or cetyl alcohol, saturated or unsaturated C8-C18 fattyacids such as stearic acid, saturated or unsaturated fatty esters withup to 24 carbons such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,sec-butyl, isobutyl, tertbutyl or monoglycerin esters of acetic acid,capronic acid, lauric acid, myristinic acid, stearic acid, or palmiticacid, or diesters of saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acids with atotal of up to about 24 carbons such as diisopropyl adipate, diisobutyladipate, diisopropyl sebacate, diisopropyl maleate, or diisopropylfumarate. Additional penetration enhancing materials includephosphatidyl derivatives such as lecithin or cephalin, terpenes, amides,ketones, ureas and their derivatives, and ethers such as dimethylisosorbid and diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether. Suitable penetrationenhancing formulations can also include mixtures of one or morematerials selected from monohydroxy or polyhydroxy alcohols, saturatedor unsaturated C8-C18 fatty alcohols, saturated or unsaturated C8-C18fatty acids, saturated or unsaturated fatty esters with up to 24carbons, diesters of saturated or unsaturated discarboxylic acids with atotal of up to 24 carbons, phosphatidyl derivatives, terpenes, amides,ketones, ureas and their derivatives, and ethers.

Suitable binding materials for transdermal delivery systems are known tothose skilled in the art and include polyacrylates, silicones,polyurethanes, block polymers, styrenebutadiene copolymers, and naturaland synthetic rubbers. Cellulose ethers, derivatized polyethylenes, andsilicates can also be used as matrix components. Additional additives,such as viscous resins or oils can be added to increase the viscosity ofthe matrix.

Pharmaceutical compositions may also be in the form of oil-in-wateremulsions. The oil phase can be a vegetable oil, for example olive oilor arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example, liquid paraffin ormixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents can benaturally-occurring gums, for example, gum acacia or gum tragacanth,naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example, soy bean, lecithin, andesters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitolanhydrides, for example, sorbitan monooleate, and condensation productsof the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions can also containsweetening and flavoring agents. Syrups and elixirs can be formulatedwith sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitolor sucrose. Such formulations can also contain a demulcent, apreservative and flavoring and coloring agents.

The compounds can also be administered in the form of suppositories forrectal or vaginal administration of the drug. These compositions can beprepared by mixing the drug with a suitable nonirritating excipientwhich is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectaltemperature or vaginal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectumor vagina to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter andpolyethylene glycols.

The compositions may be further adminsistered intranasally. In suchaspect, the compositions may further comprise other agents suited forimproved delivery across nasal mucosa. For example, in certain aspects,agents such as a permeation enhancer, a polymer capable of increasingmucosal adhesion of the composition, or a combination thereof may beincluded in the composition.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the particularmethod of administration will depend on a variety of factors, all ofwhich are considered routinely when administering therapeutics. It willalso be understood, however, that the specific dose level for any givenpatient will depend upon a variety of factors, including, the activityof the specific compound employed, the age of the patient, the bodyweight of the patient, the general health of the patient, the gender ofthe patient, the diet of the patient, time of administration, route ofadministration, rate of excretion, drug combinations, and the severityof the condition undergoing therapy. It will be further appreciated byone skilled in the art that the optimal course of treatment, i.e., themode of treatment and the daily number of doses of an active agent or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof given for a defined number ofdays, can be ascertained by those skilled in the art using conventionaltreatment tests.

EXAMPLES

As a validated model of FXS, Fmr1 KO mice exhibit altered responses tosensory stimuli (auditory, pain, etc.), and learning impairments.Additionally they also exhibit aberrant ERK1/2 activation along withabnormal dendritic spines and altered synaptic plasticity. AZD7325,4-amino-8-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-phenyl)-N-propyl-cinnoline-3-carboxamide,is a potent selective partial GABA(A) α2,3 receptor agonist developed byAstraZeneca (AZ) for the treatment of anxiety, having the followingstructure:

Throughout experiments in Fmr1 KO mice, we treated animals with 1 mg/kgAZD7325, 3 mg/kg AZD7325 or vehicle (VEH) by oral gavage to mimic thehuman exposure route. Juvenile mice were treated acutely and adult micewere treated chronically prior to and throughout behavior analysis. Datawere analyzed by 2-way ANOVA unless otherwise indicated. *p<0.05indicates significantly different than WT+VEH group.

Audiogenic seizure susceptibility in Fmr1 KO mice, which is thought tobe the result of increased neuronal activity in response to sensorystimuli, peaks around the third week of life and manifests as wildrunning which is typically followed by tonic-clonic seizure. WT mice donot respond to this siren with any noticeable running or seizurebehavior. FIG. 1 shows that approximately 60% Fmr1 KO mice treated withVEH displayed wild running followed by seizure in response to a loudstimulus (120 dB siren), but when treated acutely (30 min prior totesting) with both the low (11%) and high (0%) dose of4-amino-8-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-phenyl)-N-propyl-cinnoline-3-carboxamide,seizure activity was significantly reduced, indicating that the drug isreducing hyperexcitability in the brain (Fisher's exact test p<0.0002).In adulthood, Fmr1 KO mice have abnormal motor responses to sensorystimuli compared to WT mice in an acoustic startle paradigm. Whenpresented with a short low level white noise burst (82 db) over 10 trialblocks, Fmr1 KO mice will flinch at a higher amplitude than WT mice(presentation of these startle bursts do not elicit seizure activity).FIG. 4; top main effect of genotype (P<0.001) and drug (P<0.0001) forVmax) shows that Fmr1 KO mice treated chronically with the low dose ofAZD7325 have significantly reduced whole body flinching in thislow-level Acoustic startle paradigm. Interestingly, in a paradigmemploying a high level acoustic stimulus (120 dB), adult Fmr1 KO micewill repeatedly respond to the stimulus with a lower amplitude wholebody flinch compared to WT mice. FIG. 4; bottom (Gene×Drug interactionP<0.0001) shows that treatment with AZD7325 improves this response to WTlevels demonstrating that drug treatment isn't simply reducing overallwhole body flinching in response to sensory stimuli, but is rathermediating responses so that they are becoming more appropriate andreflective of startle intensity. *P indicates significantly differentfrom WT+VEH; # P indicates significantly different from KO+VEH.Conditioned fear responses to a mild foot shock were shown to beexaggerated compared to WT mice during the cued portion of the test with4-amino-8-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-phenyl)-N-propyl-cinnoline-3-carboxamidetreatment at both dose levels normalizing this behavior in KO mice (FIG.2; main effect of genotype (F(1,20)=4.26, P<0.05), and gene×druginteraction (F(2,20)=7.79, P<0.003)). This type of deficit in theVEH-treated Fmr1 KO mice is reminiscent of the exaggerated anxietyresponses people with FXS commonly display. Treatment with the low doseof4-amino-8-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-phenyl)-N-propyl-cinnoline-3-carboxamidealso attenuates deficits in object memory when assessed in a novelobject recognition paradigm (FIG. 3; main effect of genotype fordiscrimination index (F(1,86)=4.99, P<0.03)).

Low dose-treated animals showed greater interest in the novel objectduring the second phase compared to VEH-treated KO mice indicating agreater memory of the familiar object which was introduced during thefirst phase of the test. Based upon preclinical data in FXS implicatinginsufficient GABA(A) activity in the pathophysiology of the disordercombined with preclinical and human evidence (unpublished data)supporting the tolerability and effectiveness of improving aberrantbehavior,4-amino-8-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-phenyl)-N-propyl-cinnoline-3-carboxamideis an ideal molecule to develop as a clinical treatment in humans withFXS.

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What is claimed is:
 1. A composition for the treatment of one or moresigns or symptoms of fragile X, comprising a therapeutically effectiveamount of a GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3, agonist or partial agonist and anagent selected from lithium, minocycline or a combination thereof,wherein the GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3, agonist or partial agonistcomprises

(TPA-023) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein said GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3, agonistor partial agonist acts at the GABA(A) receptor site, and has a lowerbinding affinity to and/or less efficacy of receptor activation at theGABA(A) alpha 1 subunit as compared to the binding affinity and/orreceptor efficacy at the alpha 2 and/or alpha 3 subunits.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein said GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3 agonist isfurther selected from

(MK-0343) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

(4-amino-8-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-phenyl)-N-propyl-cinnoline-3-carboxamide)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

3-(2,5-Difluorophenyl)-7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-[(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methoxy]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazineor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or combinations thereof.4. The composition of claim 1, wherein said one or more signs andsymptoms are selected from impaired functional communication, anxiety,inattention, hyperactivity, sensory reactivity, autonomic nervous systemdysregulation, aberrant eye gaze, self injury, aggression, seizures, EEGabnormalities, including but not limited to, abnormal spectral analysis,event related potentials which may include auditory and visualresponses, abnormalities in cortical responses as evoked by transcranialmagnetic stimulation including resting and active motor thresholds andabnormal responses in measures of cortical inhibition and excitation,aberrant impaired cognitive function, compromised daily living skills,or a combination thereof.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein saidcomposition further comprises oxytocin.
 6. The composition of claim 1,wherein said composition comprises from about 1 mg to about 100 mg ofsaid GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3 partial agonist.
 7. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein said composition is in the form of an oral formulation.8. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition is in the formof an intranasal formulation.
 9. A composition for the treatment of oneor more signs or symptoms of fragile X, comprising a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3, agonist or partialagonist and an agent selected from atypical antipsychotics, lithium, aserotonin noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), non-SSRI non-SNRIserotonergic drug, a benzodiazepine, a glutamatergic drug, a GABA(B)modulator, opiate receptor modulators, endocannabinoid systemmodulators, a medication for the treatment of attention deficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anti-epileptics, alpha 2-agonists, mGlur5antagonists, glutamatergic agents, GABA modulators, or a combinationthereof, wherein the GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3, agonist or partialagonist comprises

(TPA-023) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 10. Thecomposition of claim 9, wherein said GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3, agonistor partial agonist acts at the GABA(A) receptor site, and has a lowerbinding affinity to and/or less efficacy of receptor activation at theGABA(A) alpha 1 subunit as compared to the binding affinity and/orreceptor efficacy at the alpha 2 and/or alpha 3 subunits.
 11. Thecomposition of claim 9, wherein said GABA(A) alpha 2 and/or 3 agonist isfurther selected from

(MK-0343) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

(4-amino-8-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-phenyl)-N-propyl-cinnoline-3-carboxamide)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

3-(2,5-Difluorophenyl)-7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-[(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methoxy]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazineor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or combinations thereof.12. The composition of claim 9, wherein said one or more signs andsymptoms are selected from impaired functional communication, anxiety,inattention, hyperactivity, sensory reactivity, autonomic nervous systemdysregulation, aberrant eye gaze, self injury, aggression, seizures, EEGabnormalities, including but not limited to, abnormal spectral analysis,event related potentials which may include auditory and visualresponses, abnormalities in cortical responses as evoked by transcranialmagnetic stimulation including resting and active motor thresholds andabnormal responses in measures of cortical inhibition and excitation,aberrant impaired cognitive function, compromised daily living skills,or a combination thereof.
 13. The composition of claim 9, wherein saidcomposition comprises from about 1 mg to about 100 mg of said GABA(A)alpha 2 and/or 3 partial agonist.
 14. The composition of claim 1,wherein said composition is in the form of an oral formulation.
 15. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein said composition is in the form of anintranasal formulation.
 16. A composition for the treatment of one ormore signs or symptoms of fragile X, comprising a therapeuticallyeffective amount of

(TPA-023) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(4-amino-8-(2-fluoro-6-methoxy-phenyl)-N-propyl-cinnoline-3-carboxamide)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 17. The composition ofclaim 16, wherein said composition comprises an agent selected fromatypical antipsychotics, lithium, a serotonin noradrenergic reuptakeinhibitor (SNRT), non-SSRI non-SNRI serotonergic drug, a benzodiazepine,a glutamatergic drug, a GABA(B) modulator, opiate receptor modulators,endocannabinoid system modulators, a medication for the treatment ofattention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anti-epileptics, alpha2-agonists, mGlur5 antagonists, glutamatergic agents, GABA modulators,or a combination thereof.
 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein saidcomposition further comprises a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor(SSRI).
 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition furthercomprises an agent selected from lithium, minocycline, or a combinationthereof.
 20. The composition of claim 18, further comprising oxytocin.